Surgical instruments are specialized tools used in medical procedures for tasks like cutting, suturing, and tissue manipulation. They come in various types, each serving specific functions:

1. Cutting Instruments: Includes scalpels, scissors (e.g., Mayo, Metzenbaum), and surgical knives.
2. Grasping and Holding Instruments: Includes forceps (e.g., tissue, hemostatic) and needle holders.
3. Clamping Instruments: Includes hemostats and bulldog clamps to control bleeding.
4. Suturing Instruments: Includes needles, suture scissors, and needle holders for stitching tissues.
5. Retractors: Hand-held and self-retaining retractors to hold back tissues for better visibility.
6. Surgical Sponges and Suction Devices: Absorb fluids and remove excess fluids to improve visibility.
7. Tissue Dissection Instruments: Includes rongeurs and curettes for cutting or scraping tissues.
8. Electrosurgical Instruments: Includes electrocautery and bipolar forceps for cutting and coagulating tissue.
9. Diagnostic Instruments: Includes endoscopes and laparoscopes for minimally invasive surgery.
10. Miscellaneous Instruments: Includes surgical drapes and trays for organizing instruments.

These instruments vary in size and design to meet the needs of different surgeries, from minor procedures to complex operations, with precision and sterility being crucial.